ATMC藏獒标准标准中英文对照版

(一)ATMC标准

I. GENERAL APPEARANCE.[一般外观]
Noble and impressive: a large, powerful, heavy, well built dog, well muscled, with much substance and bone, and of solemn but kindly appearance.
藏獒给人以高贵而深刻印象：是一种大型，有力，强健而构造优秀的犬，有发达的肌肉，强健的骨骼和其他组成，有庄严而和善的外表。
The Tibetan Mastiff stands well up on the pasterns, with strong, tight, cat feet, giving an alert appearance.
藏獒靠有力的胶骨（注1）站立，有强壮，紧凑的猫足，带有警戒的表情。
The body is slightly longer than tall. [它的体长大于身高。]The head is broad and impressive, with massive back skull, the eyes deep-set and almond shaped, slightly slanted, the muzzle broad and well-padded, giving a square appearance.
它有给人深刻印象的有着巨大后骨的宽阔的头，眼睛深陷呈杏仁状，稍微倾斜，口吻部宽阔而充实，显现出方型外观。
The typical expression of the breed is one of watchfulness.
这种犬的典型表情为警戒。
The tail is well feathered and carried over the back in a single curl falling over the loin, balancing the head.
它的尾巴被毛在身体后部腰的上边卷曲，形成单环状，与头部相平衡。
The coat and heavy mane is thick, with coarse guard hair and a wooly undercoat.
它的被毛和鬃毛浓密，分为粗硬的针毛和柔软的内毛。
The tail and britches are well feathered.
尾巴和四肢有羽状附毛。
The Tibetan Mastiff has been used primarily as a family and property guardian for many millennia, and is aloof and watchful of strangers, and highly protective of its people and property.
藏獒数千年来被当作首选的家庭和财产的守护犬，它对陌生人深沉而警戒，高度保护它的主人家庭和财产。
注1：类似马蹄的一种结构。下同。
II. SIZE, PROPORTION, SUBSTANCE.[尺寸，比例和构造]
Size[尺寸]:
Dogs - minimum of 26 inches at the withers
公犬身高最低不少于26英尺。
Bitches - minimum of 24 inches at the withers
母犬身高最低不少于24英尺。
Dogs and Bitches that are more than one inch below the minimum heights to be severely faulted.
公犬和母犬如果低于最低身高1英尺，是严重不合格的。
Proportion[比例]:
Slightly longer than tall (9-10), (i.e.,the height to length, measured from sternum to ischium should be slightly greater than the distance from withers to ground).
身长比高度略大（即是从胸骨到坐骨的长度比腰到地面的距离长）。
Substance[构造]:
The Tibetan Mastiff should have impressive substance, both in bone and structure, as well as strength. When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion and movement, the more substantial dog, in terms of substance and bone, not merely height, is to be given preference.
藏獒有另人惊叹的构造，无论是骨骼还是其他构成，一样的有力。当犬被公平的从类型，比例，运动方面进行评判，不仅仅包括高度，还包括构造和骨骼，而更结实的狗更被偏爱。
III. HEAD. [头部]
Broad, heavy and strong. Some wrinkling in maturity, extending from above eyes down to corner of mouth. A correct head and expression is essential to the breed.
（它的头部）宽阔，有力和强壮。成熟期后，有些（犬）头部会起褶皱，从眼睛上部一直延伸到嘴角。一个好的头部和表情是这个品种必须的。
Expression[表情]:
Noble, intelligent, watchful and aloof.
高贵，智慧，警戒和深沉。
Eyes[眼睛]:
Very expressive, medium size, any shade of brown. Rims to be black except in blue/grey, blue/grey and tan dogs and brown dogs, the darkest possible shade of grey or brown. Eyes deep-set, well apart, almond-shaped, and slightly slanting. Any other color or shape to be severely faulted since it detracts from the typical expression.
非常富于表现力，中等大小，棕褐色眼球。除减色（注2）和灰色外，周遭是黑色的，减色和灰色，栗色和棕褐色犬，周遭可能是灰色或是棕褐色。眼睛深陷，呈杏仁型，微微倾斜。其他颜色或形状的（眼睛）被认为是从典型特征中变异的，是严重不合格的。
注2：减色可理解为黑色减淡。下同。
Ears[耳朵]:
Medium size, V-shaped, pendant, set-on high , dropping forward and hanging close to head. Raised when alert, on level with the top of the skull. The ear leather is thick, covered with soft short hair, and when measured, should reach the inner corner of the eye.
中等尺寸，下垂的V型，从头部高处开始，紧贴头部向侧前垂下。当警戒时，耳朵提高，可到头骨水平位置。耳皮丰厚，被软短毛，如测量应可达眼睛内侧角。
Skull[头骨]:
Broad and large, with strongly defined occiput. Broad back skull .
宽阔巨大，有强壮的后枕骨。后头骨宽阔。
Stop[头峰注3]:
Deep and well defined.
纵深，形状清晰。
注3：个人理解STOP意译。下同。
Muzzle[口吻]:
Broad, well filled and square when viewed from all sides.
宽阔，充实从各角度看呈方型。
Proportions[均衡比例]:
Measurement from occiput to stop and stop to end of nose, equal or slightly shorter.
从后枕骨到头峰与头峰到鼻尽端等距或稍短。
Nose[鼻子]:
Broad, well pigmented, with open nostrils. Black, except with blue/grey or blue/grey and tan dogs, the darkest shade of grey and brown dogs, the darkest shade of brown. Any other color to be severely faulted.
宽阔，色泽清晰，鼻孔开放式，除减色和灰色犬或是减色和灰色与栗色的混色，鼻子均为黑色，越深的灰色或棕褐色犬，鼻子越是暗或棕褐色。任何其他的颜色是严重不合格的。
Lips[嘴唇]:
Well developed, thick, with moderate flews and slightly pendulous lower lips.
构造相当，厚实，有适度下垂的上唇，可垂至比嘴唇更低处。
Bite[咬合]:
Complete scissor bite. Level bite acceptable. Essential that dentition fits tightly, to maintain square form of muzzle.
完全剪式咬合。水平咬合也可。首要的是咬合应该紧密，可以保持方型的口吻。
Teeth[牙齿]:
Canine teeth large, strong, broken teeth not to be faulted.
典型大犬齿，有力。断齿不是不合格。
Faults[不足]:
Missing teeth, overshot, undershot bite.
少牙，上下额突出。
IV. NECK, TOPLINE AND BODY.[脖子，背线和躯干]
Neck[脖子]:
The neck is well muscled, moderately arched, and may have moderate dewlap. The neck, especially in dogs, is shrouded by a thick upstanding mane.
脖子富于肌肉，适度的拱型，可有适度赘肉。脖子，特别是公犬，是应该被粗硬的直立鬃毛覆盖。
Topline[背线]:
Topline straight and level between withers and croup.
背线笔直，位置介于腰和臀部之间。
Body[躯干]:
The chest is rather deep, of moderate breadth, with reasonable spring of rib. Brisket reaching to just below elbows. Underline with pronounced (but not exaggerated) tuck-up. The back is muscular with firmly muscled loin. There is no slope or angle to the croup.
胸部宜纵深，宽度相当，肋骨韧度适当。胸肉可及肘部。下部有清晰的（而不夸张的）褶皱。上部是富于肌肉的腰部。在臀部没有斜面和角度。
Tail[尾部]:
Medium to long, but not reaching below hock joint; well feathered. Set high on line with top of back. When alert or in motion, curled over back or to one side. Tails that are double curled or carried in an incomplete curl to be faulted.
中度至长度，不可低过踝关节。当警戒或移动时，向上或向侧卷曲。尾部双卷或是不完全卷曲，是不合格的。
V. FOREQUARTERS.[前侧部]
Shoulders[肩部]:
Well laid back, muscular, strongly boned, with moderate angulation to match the rear angulation.
自然向上，有强壮的肌肉和骨骼，与后侧部角度相当。
Legs[腿部]:
Straight, with substantial bone and muscle, well covered with short, coarse hair, feathering, and with strong pasterns that have a slight slope.
笔直，有坚实的骨骼和肌肉，被短粗毛，有羽状附毛，有适当角度的强健脚部。
Feet[足部]:
Cat feet. Fairly large, strong, compact, may have feathering between toes. Nails may be either black and/or white, regardless of coat color. A single dewclaw may be present on the front feet.
猫型足。大，强壮而紧凑，趾间可有羽状附毛。无论外观什么颜色，指甲颜色可是黑色或白色。可能会在前足有单外翻爪。
VI. HINDQUARTERS.[后侧部]
Hindquarters[后侧部—后腿和臀部]:
Powerful, muscular, with all parts being moderately angulated. Seen from behind, the hind legs and stifle are parallel. The hocks are strong, well let down (approximately one-third the overall length of the leg), and perpendicular.
后侧各部分强健有力，角度适当。从后部向前看，后腿及后膝应是完全平行的。跗关节强壮（注4），利于着力（大约整腿长度三分之一）呈直角。
注4：与人踝关节相似。下同。
Feet[足部]:
A single or double dewclaw may be present on the rear feet. Removal of rear dewclaws, if present, optional.
可能会在后足有单外翻爪或双外翻爪。如出现，可选择去除。
VII. COAT.[被毛]
In general, dogs carry noticeably more coat than *****es.
通常，公犬被毛生长要多于母犬。
The quality of the coat is of greater importance than quantity.
被毛的质量要比数量更为重要。
Double-coated, with fairly long, thick coarse guard hair, with heavy soft undercoat in cold weather which becomes rather sparse in warmer months.
双层被毛，冬季是长而粗硬的针毛和浓密柔软的内毛，夏季则大量减少.
Hair is fine but hard, straight and stand-off; never silky, curly or wavy.
毛是细而坚硬的，直且倒伏；从来不会柔化，卷曲或是波浪型。
Heavy undercoat, when present, rather woolly. Neck and shoulders heavily coated, especially in dogs, giving mane-like appearance.
当浓密的内毛长出后，非常酷似羊毛。颈部和肩部的被毛更浓密，形成鬃毛样外观。
Tail and britches densely coated and heavily feathered. The Tibetan Mastiff is shown naturally.
尾部和四肢被毛还有羽状附毛。看起来藏獒很自然。
Trimming is not acceptable except to provide a clean cut appearance of feet. Dogs are not to be penalized if shown with a summer coat.
人为的修剪不必要，除非是使脚部变得干净。公犬不应为夏季被毛而遭到处罚。
VIII. COLOR.[颜色]
Black, brown, and blue/grey, all with or without tan markings, and various shades of gold.
黑色，棕褐色，减色和灰色，都可以有或没有栗色花标和各式金色的色块。
Tan ranges from a very rich shade through a lighter color.
栗色环型花标可以是非常深或淡些。
 White markings on breast and feet acceptable.
在胸部和足部的白色标记可以接受。
Tan markings may appear at any or all of the following areas: above eyes as spots, around eyes (including spectacle markings), on each side of the muzzle, on throat, on lower part of front forelegs and extending up the inside of the forelegs, on inside of rear legs showing down the front of the stifle and broadening out to the front of the rear legs from hock to toes, on breeches, and underside of tail.
栗色标记可以出现在以下任何部位：眼睛之上如同斑点，环绕眼睛（包括眼镜状），在口吻边上，在咽喉部，自前腿部低部由内侧向上至前腿上部，在后腿内侧向下至膝关节前部再进一步拓宽至跗节关节和趾部，在足部，在尾部内下侧。
Undercoat, as well as furnishings on breeches and underside of tail, may be lighter shades of the dominant color.
内被毛如同四肢和尾部内侧，可能是遗传上显性的微淡一些的颜色。
The undercoat on black and tan dogs also may be grey or tan. Other markings such as sabling, brindling, white on other areas of the body, or large white markings, to be faulted.
黑色同栗色混杂品种的内被毛也可能是灰的或栗色的。其他的记号，如：紫貂色，斑点，其他部位的白色，或是大范围的白色，是被认为有缺陷的。
All other coat colors, while accepted, are to be faulted.
其他被毛的颜色，虽然是可以接受的，但是被（我们）认为是不合格的。
IX. GAIT.[步态]
The gait of a Tibetan Mastiff is powerful, steady and balanced, yet at the same time, light-footed.
藏獒的步态是有力，稳重和平衡的，然而同时，是轻盈的。
When viewed from the side, reach and drive should indicate maximum use of the dog's moderate angulation.
当从侧面观察，运动幅度和驱动幅度可表现藏獒的适合的各幅度。
Back remains level and firm. Sound and powerful movement more important than speed.
（移动时）后部保持水平和稳固。合理而有力的移动比速度更为重要。
X. TEMPERAMENT.[性情]
The Tibetan Mastiff is a highly intelligent, independent, strong willed and rather reserved dog.
藏獒是高度智慧，独立，意志坚强和深沉的犬。
He is aloof with strangers and highly protective of his charges and his property.
它对陌生人冷淡，并且能给它的主人和财物以高度的保护。
In the ring he may exhibit reserve or lack of enthusiasm, but any sign of shyness is unacceptable and must be severely faulted as inappropriate for a guardian breed.
门铃响的时候，它可能表现得深沉和缺乏热情，但是作为守护犬任何害羞的表现都是不可接受的也是严重不合格的。
Conversely, given its aloof nature, judges should also beware of putting a premium on showiness.
反之，（因为它）被赋予了深沉的本性，鉴定人也应通晓怎样在比赛中，给予（藏獒）评价。

(二)TMCA标准

General Appearance[一般外观]
Large, sound and powerfully built.
（它有）巨大，合理和有力的结构。
Well-boned and muscled, never light or refined, always agile.
通常有灵活，但不是轻盈和精致的那种，并且出色的骨骼和肌肉。
The impressive head provides a noble and dignified look, enhanced by a mane around the head and neck.
给人深刻印象的头部，显现出高贵和威严的外貌，环绕头部和颈部的鬃毛更加强了这一特点。
The head is balanced by a curled tail carried over the back.
头部与卷曲于（躯干）后部的尾相呼应。
Males are masculine with heavier features, *****es feminine, but without refinement.
公犬由于更具特色非常阳刚，母犬则显得阴柔，（他们都）不是精致型的。
The Tibetan Mastiff is still widely used in its traditional role as a natural guardian of family and flock, and has an aloof and independent nature.
（今天）藏獒仍然普遍被作为传统式的家庭和畜群的天然护卫者。
Size, Proportion, and Substance[尺寸，比例和构造]
Size[尺寸]
ogs- minimum 26 inches (ranging to over 30 inches).
公犬最低26英寸（可能高于30英寸）
Bitches- minimum 24 inches (ranging to over 28 inches).
母犬最低24英寸（可能高于28英寸）
Though appearing square, the body is slightly longer than high (10 to 9), front and rear angulation is balanced.
尽管显现呈方型， 犬的身体要比身高长，且前后角度均衡。
Slow to mature, dogs range from 100-160+ lbs., *****es range from 75-120+ lbs.
进入成熟期，公犬大约100-160磅重，母犬大约75-120磅重。
Preference is given to dogs of greater height provided that their proportions are harmonious, and that proper type, substance, structure and breed characteristics are present.
更优的犬（的标准）倾向于具有协调比例的更大型犬，更有特色的品象，更合理的构造和养殖性特征。
Head[头部]
he head is broad, heavy and strong.
它的头部宽阔，巨大和强健。
The skull is massive with a strongly defined occiput and marked stop.
头骨部分厚重，具有强健明显的后枕骨和清晰的头峰。
Proportions from occiput to stop and stop to the end of the nose range from equal lengths (1 to 1) to a muzzle that is somewhat shorter than the length of the topskull (2 to 3).
从后枕骨到头峰部分与头峰到鼻尽端的比例匀称（1：1），而口吻部分尺寸比头顶部尺寸稍短（2：3）。
Muzzle fairly broad, well padded, blunt and square when viewed from all sides.
口吻相当宽阔，充实，短钝并且无论从哪个角度看呈方型。
Broad nose, well opened nostrils.  Lips well developed with moderate flews.
宽阔的鼻子，开放式的鼻孔。嘴唇有适度下垂。
Some wrinkling, with maturity, on the head extending from above the eyes to the corner of the mouth.
成熟期后，头部可能有褶皱，从眼睛上部开始延伸至嘴角。
Hair is short on the face developing into a distinct mane, from the crown to the withers, surrounding the head and neck.
面部的短毛发逐渐增长为头顶部和肩部的鬃毛，环绕头部和颈部。
Eyes[眼睛]
Very expressive, medium size, various shades of brown color preferred, other colors acceptable.
非常具有表现力，中等大小，各种深浅的棕褐色眼睛是最好的，其他颜色也可。
More sunken than prominent, set well apart, oval, and slightly slanting.  A slight haw may be present.
多数是下陷的而不是突出的，眼间距离适当，呈卵型，并稍倾斜。
Ears[耳朵]
Medium size to somewhat larger, triangular, pendent, carried rather high, hanging close to the head when in repose.
中等或稍大，呈三角形悬贴头部，位置较高，静止时贴近头部。
When at attention, level with the top of skull and brought forward, appearing to broaden the skull.
当警戒时，耳朵前倾，向头顶提起。
Ear leathers covered with soft short hair.
耳皮带有软短毛发。
Teeth[牙齿]
Full dentition fitting tightly to maintain strong chin.
为保持腭部的强壮，（牙齿）需要紧密咬合。
Jaws and teeth strong with regular scissors bite, set square to the jaw.
腭部和牙齿由于剪状咬合显得强有力，并保持了腭部的方型。
Level bite acceptable.
水平咬合也可以接受。
Overshot and undershot bites, missing teeth are to be faulted to the degree present.  Broken teeth are not to be faulted.
上下腭中，缺牙会导致品质等级的降低。但断牙并不影响评价。
Neck, Topline, and Body [颈部，背线和躯干]
The neck[颈部]
Neck is strong, arched and well muscled.  There may be some dewlap.
颈部强壮，呈拱型，肌肉发达。可能会有一些赘肉。
Topline[背线]
is level with straight back.
平滑和笔直的背线。
Body[躯干]
The chest is rather deep and of moderate breadth.
胸部宜纵深，且宽度适当。
Broad muscular loins, very slightly sloping croup.
肌肉发达的腰部，臀部稍低。
Ribs are well-sprung, not barreled.
肋骨韧性好，不能是空管状的（结实）。
Brisket reaching to or just below the elbows.
胸部可达前肘部或略低。
The tail is medium to long, well feathered, set high and carried over the back.
尾部中长，带羽状附毛，向上卷曲于背部。
A tail with a single curl is preferred, but other configurations are acceptable.
带有单卷曲的尾部是最好的，但是其他特征也可接受。
Forequarters [前侧部]
Well laid shoulders, muscular and strongly boned.  Straight legs with strong, slightly sloping pasterns.
自然向上的肩部，肌肉发达，骨骼强壮。腿部笔直强壮，足弯部稍上翻。
The feet are fairly large, strong, with thick pads, rounded and compact.  There may be some feathering between the toes.
足部相当巨大，强壮，有厚实而紧揍的圆型胼胝。足部趾间可有羽状附毛。]
Hindquarters[后侧部]
Powerful, muscular with moderate angulation and strong lower-set hocks.
强健有力，带有适当的角度和强健的低位驸关节。
Hindlegs seen from behind are parallel.  Single or double dewclaws may or may not be present.  Two fully descended testicles are present on males.
从后部看，后腿平行。可能有单外翻或双外翻爪。公狗应有完整遗传下来的两个睾丸。]
Coat[被毛]
Double coated.  Long, thick guard hairs with a heavy, wooly undercoat that becomes sparse in warmer months and warmer climates.
双层被毛。长而粗硬的外毛和浓密柔软的内毛，在温暖的季节或地区则减少。
Quality and correctness of coat is of greater importance than quantity. Hair hard and straight, slight wave at the topline, never curly.
被毛的质量要比数量更为重要。毛发硬而直，顶部带有穗动，没有弯曲的被毛。
Neck and shoulders heavily coated, giving a mane-like appearance that is more pronounced in mature males.
颈肩部带有厚被毛，成熟公犬因此越发显得阳刚。
Tail and upper rear parts of hindlegs well feathered.  The Tibetan Mastiff is exhibited in a natural condition with no trimming. Seasonal shedding is not to be penalized.
尾部和后肢上部带有羽状附毛。季节性的脱毛是正常的。
Color[颜色]
Black, chocolate brown and slate gray, all with or without tan markings, as well as various shades of gold.
黑色，巧克力色，棕褐色和岩灰色，可以有或没有栗色标记和金色色块。
The shades of gold and the tan markings may range from cream to dark red/gold, with or without sable/black tipping.
金色色块和栗色标记可能从黄油色直到深红和金色，间或有或没有紫貂色或黑色。
White markings may occur on chest, neck and feet.  Pigmentation on lips, nose and eye rims is black except on dilute colors (chocolate, blue and gold dilute) where the pigmentation is also diluted.
白色可以出现在胸部，颈部和足部。色素通常沉淀在嘴唇，鼻子，眼周，一般为黑色，淡色品种（巧克力，减色和金色）色素可能被冲淡。]
Gait[步态]
Powerful, moves with purpose and agility and is capable of considerable speed.  Measured and deliberate when walking.  At speed will tend toward, and may reach a single track.
稳健，移动灵活，带有明确目的性的速度。规范而整齐的步幅。向前奔跑可形成一条清晰的足迹。
Temperament[性情]
A loyal companion and natural guardian.  Highly intelligent, strong-willed, independent, aloof and protective when necessary.
是忠诚的伙伴和天然的守护者。有高度的智慧，坚强的意志，独立，深沉，任何需要时具有保护性
Patient and tolerant, may be wary of strangers.
有耐性和宽容，对陌生人警惕。
Any reserve, protectiveness or lack of enthusiasm when exhibited should not be penalized provided the dog can be properly evaluated.
在任何展赛中，应该对它冷漠，保护性和缺少热情有正确的评估，不能因这些而贬低它。
 

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